𝙏𝙖𝙭𝙞𝙡𝙖, 𝙎𝙞𝙜𝙖𝙡 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙈𝙖𝙩𝙝𝙪𝙧𝙖, 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝘽𝙪𝙙𝙙𝙝𝙞𝙨𝙩 𝘼𝙧𝙩 𝙎𝙘𝙝𝙤𝙤𝙡𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙍𝙤𝙮𝙖𝙡 𝘾𝙖𝙥𝙞𝙩𝙖𝙡𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙄𝙣𝙙𝙤-𝙎𝙘𝙮𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙖𝙣

 Athena Arya Blogs

𝙏𝙖𝙭𝙞𝙡𝙖, 𝙎𝙞𝙜𝙖𝙡 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙈𝙖𝙩𝙝𝙪𝙧𝙖, 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝘽𝙪𝙙𝙙𝙝𝙞𝙨𝙩 𝘼𝙧𝙩 𝙎𝙘𝙝𝙤𝙤𝙡𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙍𝙤𝙮𝙖𝙡 𝘾𝙖𝙥𝙞𝙩𝙖𝙡𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙄𝙣𝙙𝙤-𝙎𝙘𝙮𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙖𝙣 𝙋𝘼𝙆𝙃𝙏𝙐𝙉𝙎 𝙆𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙙𝙤𝙢𝙨, 𝙉𝙤𝙧𝙩𝙝-𝙒𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙣 𝙄𝙣𝙙𝙞𝙖 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙎𝙖𝙠𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙣, 𝙒𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙣 𝘼𝙛𝙜𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙣

The first 𝗦𝗮𝗸𝗮 𝗞𝗶𝗻𝗴 of India was 𝗠𝗮𝘂𝗲𝘀/𝗠𝗼𝗴𝗮 (1st century BC) who established 𝗦𝗮𝗸𝗮 'ᵖᵃᵏʰᵗᵘⁿ ˢᵃᵏᵃˢ' power in

𝗚𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗮, and Indus Valley. The Indo-Scythians extended their supremacy over north-western India, conquering the Indo-Greeks and other local kingdoms. The Indo-Scythians were apparently

subjugated by the Kushan Empire, by either 𝗞𝘂𝗷𝘂𝗹𝗮 𝗞𝗮𝗱𝗽𝗵𝗶𝘀𝗲𝘀 or 𝗞𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗵𝗸𝗮.

Yet the Saka continued to govern as satrapies,forming the Northern Satraps and Western Satraps. The

power of the 𝗦𝗮𝗸𝗮 rulers started to decline in the 2nd century CE after the Indo-Scythians weredefeated by the Satavahana emperor 𝗚𝗮𝘂𝘁𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗽𝘂𝘁𝗿𝗮 𝗦𝗮𝘁𝗮𝗸𝗮𝗿𝗻𝗶. Indo-Scythian rule in thenorthwestern Indian subcontinent ceased when the last Western Satrap Rudrasimha III was defeated by the Gupta emperor 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗿𝗮𝗴𝘂𝗽𝘁𝗮 𝗜𝗜 in 395 CE.

The invasion of northern regions of the Indian subcontinent by 𝗦𝗰𝘆𝘁𝗵𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗧𝗿𝗶𝗯𝗲𝘀 from Central Asia,

often referred to as the Indo-Scythian invasion, played a significant part in the history of the Indian subcontinent as well as nearby countries. In fact, the Indo-Scythian war is just onechapter in the events triggered by the nomadic flight of Central Asians from conflict with tribes

such as the Xiongnu in the 2nd century AD, which had lasting effects on 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗮, 𝗞𝗮𝗯𝘂𝗹, and the𝗜𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗮𝗻 subcontinent as well as far-off Rome in the west, and more nearby to the west in Parthia.

Ancient 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗮𝗻 historians including Arrian and Claudius Ptolemy have mentioned that the ancient Sakas ('Sakai') were nomadic people.However, Italo Ronca, in his detailed study ofPtolemy's chapter vi, states:  "The land of the 𝗦𝗮𝗸𝗮𝗶 belongs to nomads, they have no towns but

dwell in forests and caves" as spurious.

𝗥𝗘𝗙𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘: 

1. Diringer, David (1953) [1948]. The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind (https://archive.org/details/i

n.ernet.dli.2015.57042/page/n351/mode/2up) (Second and revised ed.). London: Hutchinson's

Scientific and Technical Publications. p. 

2. 19. Herodotus VII 65 (https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/7B*.html)

3. The dynastic art of the Kushans, John Rosenfield, p 130

Pashto Times 

History of Afghans, Saka Pashtuns