The Enduring Importance of Radio: A Lifeline for Afghan Refugees in a Digital Divide Keywords : Radio importance, Afghan refugees, refugee repatriation, Pashto radio, digital divide, independent media, MW SW radio, radio for refugees, VOA Pashto, RFE closure, Pashto news, mobile-less refugees Introduction: The Silent Crisis of Disconnected Voices As Pakistan intensifies the repatriation of Afghan refugees , a silent humanitarian crisis brews under the surface— millions of marginalized Afghans , many born or raised in Pakistan, are now being uprooted from communities they’ve long called home. These refugees, due to years of marginalization , lack of education , and economic hardship , remain excluded from the modern digital ecosystem. Smartphones, internet access, and digital news platforms are luxuries they cannot afford. At a time when accurate, independent information is crucial , major broadcasters like Voice of America (VOA) and Radio Free Europe (RFE) have either shut dow...